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Optimal dynamic emergency reserve activation using spinning, hydro and demand-side reserves

S. Surender REDDY,P. R. BIJWE,A. R. ABHYANKAR

《能源前沿（英文）》 2016年第10卷第4期页码 409-423 doi: 10.1007/s11708-016-0431-9

摘要： This paper proposes an optimal dynamic reserve activation plan after the occurrence of an emergency situation (generator/transmission line outage, load increase or both). An optimal plan is developed to handle the emergency, using the coordinated action of fast and slow reserves, for secure operation with minimum overall cost. It considers the reserves supplied by the conventional thermal generators (spinning reserves), hydro power units and load demands (demand-side reserves). The optimal backing down of costly/fast reserves and bringing up of slow reserves in each sub-interval in an integrated manner is proposed. The proposed reserve activation approaches are solved using the genetic algorithm, and some of the simulation results are also compared using the Matlab optimization toolbox and the general algebraic modeling system (GAMS) software. The simulation studies are performed on the IEEE 30, 57 and 300 bus test systems. These results demonstrate the advantage of the proposed integrated/dynamic reserve activation plan over the conventional/sequential approach.

关键词： demand-side reserves dynamic reserve activation approach hydro power units post contingency sequential reserve activation approach spinning reserves

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Pragmatic multi-stage simulated annealing for optimal placement of synchrophasor measurement units insmart power grids

Pathirikkat GOPAKUMAR,M. JAYA BHARATA REDDY,Dusmata Kumar MOHANTA

《能源前沿（英文）》 2015年第9卷第2期页码 148-161 doi: 10.1007/s11708-015-0344-z

摘要： Conventional power grids across the globe are reforming to smart power grids with cutting edge technologies in real time monitoring and control methods. Advanced real time monitoring is facilitated by incorporating synchrophasor measurement units such as phasor measurement units (PMUs) to the power grid monitoring system. Several physical and economic constraints limit the deployment of PMUs in smart power grids. This paper proposes a pragmatic multi-stage simulated annealing (PMSSA) methodology for finding the optimal locations in the smart power grid for installing PMUs in conjunction with existing conventional measurement units (CMUs) to achieve a complete observability of the grid. The proposed PMSSA is much faster than the conventional simulated annealing (SA) approach as it utilizes controlled uphill and downhill movements during various stages of optimization. Moreover, the method of integrating practical phasor measurement unit (PMU) placement conditions like PMU channel limits and redundant placement can be easily handled. The efficacy of the proposed methodology has been validated through simulation studies in IEEE standard bus systems and practical regional Indian power grids.

关键词： phasor measurement units (PMUs) pragmatic PMU placement simulated annealing (SA) western region Indian power grid (WRIPG)

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Reliability prediction and its validation for nuclear power units in service

Jinyuan SHI,Yong WANG

《能源前沿（英文）》 2016年第10卷第4期页码 479-488 doi: 10.1007/s11708-016-0425-7

摘要： In this paper a novel method for reliability prediction and validation of nuclear power units in service is proposed. The equivalent availability factor is used to measure the reliability, and the equivalent availability factor deducting planed outage hours from period hours and maintenance factor are used for the measurement of inherent reliability. By statistical analysis of historical reliability data, the statistical maintenance factor and the undetermined parameter in its numerical model can be determined. The numerical model based on the maintenance factor predicts the equivalent availability factor deducting planed outage hours from period hours, and the planed outage factor can be obtained by using the planned maintenance days. Using these factors, the equivalent availability factor of nuclear power units in the following 3 years can be obtained. Besides, the equivalent availability factor can be predicted by using the historical statistics of planed outage factor and the predicted equivalent availability factor deducting planed outage hours from period hours. The accuracy of the reliability prediction can be evaluated according to the comparison between the predicted and statistical equivalent availability factors. Furthermore, the reliability prediction method is validated using the nuclear power units in North American Electric Reliability Council (NERC) and China. It is found that the relative errors of the predicted equivalent availability factors for nuclear power units of NERC and China are in the range of –2.16% to 5.23% and –2.15% to 3.71%, respectively. The method proposed can effectively predict the reliability index in the following 3 years, thus providing effective reliability management and maintenance optimization methods for nuclear power units.

关键词： nuclear power units in service reliability reliability prediction equivalent availability factors

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Energy conservation in China’s coal-fired power industry by installing advanced units and organized phasing

Weiliang WANG, Junfu LYU, Zheng LI, Hai ZHANG, Guangxi YUE, Weidou NI

《能源前沿（英文）》 2019年第13卷第4期页码 798-807 doi: 10.1007/s11708-019-0633-z

摘要： Coal-fired power is the main power source and the biggest contributor to energy conservation in the past several decades in China. It is generally believed that advanced technology should be counted on for energy conservation. However, a review of the decline in the national average net coal consumption rate (NCCR) of China’s coal-fired power industry along with its development over the past few decades indicates that the up-gradation of the national unit capacity structure (including installing advanced production and phasing out backward production) plays a more important role. A quantitative study on the effect of the unit capacity structure up-gradation on the decline in the national average NCCR suggests that phasing out backward production is the leading factor for the decline in the NCCR in the past decade, followed by the new installation, whose sum contributes to approximately 80% of the decline in the national average NCCR. The new installation has an effective affecting period of about 8 years, during which it would gradually decline from a relatively high value. Since the effect of phasing out backward production may remain at a certain degree given a continual action of phasing out backward capacity, it is suggested that the organized action of phasing out backward production should be insisted on.

关键词： coal-fired power energy conservation net coal consumption rate new installation phasing out backward production unit capacity structure

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Optimal operation of energy at hydrothermal power plants by simultaneous minimization of pollution and

Homayoun EBRAHIMIAN,Bahman TAHERI,Nasser YOUSEFI

《能源前沿（英文）》 2015年第9卷第4期页码 426-432 doi: 10.1007/s11708-015-0376-4

摘要： The aim of this paper is simultaneous minimization of hydrothermal units to reach the best solution by employing an improved artificial bee colony (ABC) algorithm in a multi-objective function consisting of economic dispatch (ED) considering the valve-point effect and pollution function in power systems in view of the hot water of the hydro system. In this type of optimization problem, all practical constraints of units were taken into account as much as possible in order to comply with the reality. These constraints include the maximum and minimum output power of units, the constraints caused by the balance between supply and demand, the impact of pollution, water balance, uneven production curve considering the valve-point effect and system losses. The proposed algorithm is applied on the studied system, and the obtained results indifferent operating conditions are analyzed. To investigate in various operating conditions, different load profiles in 12 h are taken into account. The obtained results are compared with those of the other methods including the genetic algorithm (GA), the Basu technique, and the improved genetic algorithm. Fast convergence is one of this improved algorithm features.

关键词： practical constraints of units pollution function inlet steam valve up-ramp rate of units improved ABC algorithm

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三峡工程巨型水轮发电机组设计与实践

邵建雄,刘景旺,袁达夫

《中国工程科学》 2011年第13卷第7期页码 104-110

摘要：

分析了三峡水轮发电机组设计中必须考虑的主要问题；总结了所进行的关键技术研究；通过关键技术问题研究，使得三峡水轮发电机组参数达到最优化。机组运行结果表明三峡水轮发电机组性能良好，能够长期安全、稳定、高效运行，从而有效地验证了对三峡巨型水轮发电机组的总体技术设计是科学合理的。

关键词：三峡工程 700 MW级水电机组单机容量设计研究运行稳定性实践

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Challenges of high dam construction to computational mechanics

ZHANG Chuhan

《结构与土木工程前沿（英文）》 2007年第1卷第1期页码 12-33 doi: 10.1007/s11709-007-0002-6

摘要： The current situations and growing prospects of China s hydro-power development and high dam construction are reviewed, giving emphasis to key issues for safety evaluation of large dams and hydro-power plants, especially those associated with application of state-of-the-art computational mechanics. These include but are not limited to: stress and stability analysis of dam foundations under external loads; earthquake behavior of dam-foundation-reservoir systems, mechanical properties of mass concrete for dams, high velocity flow and energy dissipation for high dams, scientific and technical problems of hydro-power plants and underground structures, and newly developed types of dam-Roll Com pacted Concrete (RCC) dams and Concrete Face Rock-fill (CFR) dams. Some examples demonstrating successful utilizations of computational mechanics in high dam engineering are given, including seismic nonlinear analysis for arch dam foundations, nonlinear fracture analysis of arch dams under reservoir loads, and failure analysis of arch dam-foundations. To make more use of the computational mechanics in high dam engineering, it is pointed out that much research including different computational methods, numerical models and solution schemes, and verifications through experimental tests and filed measurements is necessary in the future.

关键词： reservoir engineering hydro-power development state-of-the-art computational earthquake

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雅鲁藏布江水能开发

徐大懋,陈传友,梁维燕

《中国工程科学》 2002年第4卷第12期页码 47-52

摘要：

阐述了雅鲁藏布江（以下简称雅江）“大拐弯”处水能开发方案。工程分3期，一期送电东南亚，逐步积累资金；二、三期实现西电东送。雅江工程无需考虑防洪、航运和移民，单位千瓦投资将少于三峡水利工程。雅江工程可实现4个世界之最，不仅对促进西藏和我国的经济可持续发展有巨大战略意义，在国际上也将受到广泛的支持，并产生巨大的影响。主张对工程中存在的困难和问题进行认真的分析和论证，以作出科学的结论。

关键词：雅鲁藏布江水力资源开发投资效益

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超临界化——优化我国火电结构应从这里起步

宋之平

《中国工程科学》 2002年第4卷第2期页码 22-27

摘要：

文章认为优化火电结构应放在超临界化上，使超临界机组和超超临界机组在我国火电中占据举足轻重的比例。而且这些机组的主要性能指标以及环保性能等应不逊于同类机组的国际水平。论述了超临界技术在优化火电结构的特殊作用，指出超临界化已被证明是改造和优化火电结构的一种成功的道路，阐明了我国实施这一发展道路的必要性和可能性。

关键词：火电结构超临界超超临界可持续发展战略

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MW pumped-storage power units

Jinyuan SHI , Yu YANG , Zhicheng DENG ,

《能源前沿（英文）》 2009年第3卷第3期页码 337-340 doi: 10.1007/s11708-009-0032-y

摘要： A reliability growth model for pumped-storage power units is presented. Ways for estimating and fitting on checking the model’s parameters are given together with analysis results concerning the reliability growth of 300MW pumped-storage power units. On site operation, reliability data show that the reliability growth model conforms to rules of reliability growth tendency. Analysis results of reliability growth indicate that measures taken for improving maintenance and operation by the pumped-storage power companies are effective and that the reliability of the 300MW pumped-storage power units exhibits a rising tendency.

关键词： pump-storage power unit availability reliability growth reliability prediction

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Permitted emissions of major air pollutants from coal-fired power plants in China based on best available

Xiaohui Song, Chunlai Jiang, Yu Lei, Yuezhi Zhong, Yanchao Wang

《环境科学与工程前沿（英文）》 2018年第12卷第5期 doi: 10.1007/s11783-018-1065-4

摘要：

We proposed the SO₂ and NO_xemission performance standards for coal-fired power plants based on the best available control technology.

The CFPGUs’ SO₂ emission performance reference values should be 0.34 g/kWh for active units in general areas and 0.13 g/kWh for newly built units and active units in key areas.

The CFPGUs’ NO_x emission performance standard reference values should be 0.35 g/kWh for active units in general areas and 0.175 g/kWh for new units and active units in key areas.

关键词： Coal-fired power-generating units (CFPGU) Emission performance Best available control technology

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利卢埃特河上游水电站项目——不列颠哥伦比亚省山区径流式水电项目发电隧洞建设中面临的挑战 Article

Nichole Boultbee, Oliver Robson, Serge Moalli, Rich Humphries

《工程（英文）》 2018年第4卷第2期页码 260-266 doi: 10.1016/j.eng.2017.09.003

摘要：

利卢埃特河上游水电站项目（ULHP）是一个径流式发电项目，位于加拿大不列颠哥伦比亚省彭伯顿附近，由两个独立的水电设施（HEF）组成，总装机容量为106.7 MW。这些HEF 由利卢埃特河上游电力有限合伙公司和巨石溪电力有限合伙公司拥有，土建和隧洞施工由CRT-EBC 完成。利卢埃特河上游HEF 包括沿利卢埃特河上游河谷开挖约2500 m 长、6 m 宽、5.5 m 高的隧洞。项目位于山区，由于受气候条件的严重限制，且存在敏感的野生动物物种，为了减小环境影响，现场施工受到约束。现场位于米格峰火山杂岩体附近，该火山是加拿大西部最近爆发的活火山。隧洞掘进条件非常具有挑战性，其中一段穿过伴随米格峰火山最近一次爆发（距今2360 年前）形成的沉积层。该隧洞段包含熔结角砾岩和未固结沉积层，由疏松浮石、有机物（代表古老的森林地被物）组成，一直到进入下伏英云闪长岩基岩之前。本段隧洞的施工需要覆盖灌浆、管棚支护，并在开挖时结合使用巷道掘进机、液压锤和钻爆法。本文对项目进行了概述，总结了关键的设计和施工进度难题，并说明了在隧洞通过伴随近代火山活动形成的沉积层时是如何顺利完成开挖的。

关键词：径流式水利工程发电隧洞管棚支护拱棚管火山堆积物浮石巷道掘进机环境限制

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Investigation of the hydro-mechanical behaviour of compacted expansive clay

Yujun CUI, An Ninh TA, Anh Minh TANG, Yingfa LU,

《结构与土木工程前沿（英文）》 2010年第4卷第2期页码 154-164 doi: 10.1007/s11709-010-0019-0

摘要： The hydro-mechanical behaviour of compacted expansive Romainville clay was investigated. The soil was air-dried, crushed, and passed through a 2 mm sieve before being statically compacted to a dry density of 1.35 Mg/m. The mechanical behaviour was investigated by tests in oedometer with controlled suction using the vapor equilibrium technique (suction = 0, 9, 39, and 110 MPa). The vertical stress was applied in the range of 0–800 kPa. The experimental results are shown as follows: 1) wetting-induced swelling was higher at lower vertical stresses; 2) the vertical stress under which no swelling occurred during water flooding was estimated at 60 kPa, which can be considered as the swelling pressure of the soil tested; 3) the soil compressibility (changes of volume upon stress increases) was strongly influenced by the soil suction: the lower the suction, the higher the compressibility. The hydraulic behaviour was investigated using a large-scale infiltration chamber (800 mm × 1000 mm in section and 1000 mm high). The large size of the soil column allowed burying the volumetric water content sensors (ThetaProbe) without significantly affecting the water transfer and the soil swelling during infiltration. The soil suction was monitored along the soil height (every 100 mm) using various relative humidity sensors and psychrometers. In the infiltration test, water was kept on the soil surface and changes in suction and volumetric water content were monitored for 338 d. The wetting front has reached the bottom of the soil column at the end of the test. The data from the simultaneous monitoring of suction and water content were used to determine the water retention curve and the unsaturated hydraulic conductivity using the instantaneous profile method. It has been observed that the soil water retention curve depends on the soil depth; that is to be related to the soil depth-dependent swelling. The unsaturated hydraulic conductivity was found to be quite low, comprised between 3 × 10 m/s (at saturated state) and 10 m/s (at about 100 MPa suction).

关键词： Romainville clay suction control oedometer test large infiltration task hydro-mechanical behaviour

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国际固体氧化物燃料电池堆及系统

苏巴辛格尔

《中国工程科学》 2013年第15卷第2期页码 7-14

摘要：

为了实现固体氧化物燃料电池（SOFC）的广泛应用，世界上许多公司正在致力于SOFC的开发、制造和商业化研究。本文回顾和讨论了SOFC领域的相关发展现状。

关键词： SOFC SOFC电池堆管式电池热电联供辅助动力单元

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Optimal placement of PMUs for the smart grid implementation in Indian power grid—A case study

Pathirikkat GOPAKUMAR, G. Surya CHANDRA, M. Jaya Bharata REDDY, Dusmata Kumar MOHANTA

《能源前沿（英文）》 2013年第7卷第3期页码 358-372 doi: 10.1007/s11708-013-0257-7

摘要： Efficient utilization of energy resources is essential for a developing country like India. The concept of smart grid (SG) can provide a highly reliable power system with optimized utilization of available resources. The present Indian power grid requires revolutionary changes to meet the growing demands and to make the grid smarter and reliable. One of the important requirements for SG is the instantaneous monitoring of the voltage, current and power flows at all buses in the grid. The traditional monitoring system cannot satisfy this requirement since they are based on nonlinear power flow equations. Synchro-phasor-measurement devices like phasor measurement units (PMUs) can measure the phasor values of voltages at installed buses. Consequently, the currents passing through all branches connected to that bus can be computed. Since the voltage phasor values at the neighboring buses of a bus containing the PMU can be estimated using Ohm’s law, it is redundant to install PMUs at all the buses in a power grid for its complete observability. This paper proposes the optimal geographical locations for the PMUs in southern region Indian power grid for the implementation of SG, using Integer Linear Programming. The proposed optimal geographical locations for PMU placement can be a stepping stone for the implementation of SG in India.

关键词： phasor measurement units (PMUs) smart grid (SG) southern region Indian power grid (SRIPG) integer linear programming (ILP)